Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, Moscow: Russian Psychological Society, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2023, 2

Systematic review

• Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Self-Determination: A Review of Russian Studies

  Kuznetsova, E.A.; Moskvicheva, N.L.; Zinovyeva, E.V.; Kostromina, S.N.

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  Kuznetsova, E.A., Moskvicheva, N.L., Zinovyeva, E.V., Kostromina, S.N. (2023). Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Self-Determination: A Review of Russian Studies. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 3–21. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0201

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    Background. The COVID-19 pandemic is a multifaceted stressor. Its impact suggests long-term psychological effects. Self-determination promotes flexibility of goals and actions and helps to overcome the difficulties caused by stress.

    Objective. To analyze coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic presented in Russian scientific studies (RQ1), and their relationship with self-determination (RQ2).

    Design. Relevant studies (2020–2022) were selected from the Russian citation index (RSCI) database. Strict selection criteria were used. Twenty-four articles were selected for the final review. For dynamic analysis, four stages of the pandemic were identified.

    Results. Prevailing coping strategies have changed over time. At the beginning of the pandemic, respondents used familiar coping mechanisms. Six months later, active coping strategies were more often used, but deprivation and avoidance strategies increased. A year later, there was an increase in denial and avoidance strategies. Using non-constructive coping strategies may indicate that, due to the long course of the pandemic, meeting basic psychological needs became increasingly frustrated, leading to helplessness, alienation, and lack of control. Later dynamics reflect the growth of effective coping strategies and confirm that when basic needs are blocked for a long time, people seek alternative ways to satisfy them.

    Conclusion. The dynamics of coping strategies during the pandemic reflected their close relationship with basic psychological needs, as described in the theory of self-determination. The results confirmed the importance of self-determination as a dispositional variable in predicting coping mechanisms.

    
    

    Keywords: COVID-19/ pandemic/ stress/ coping strategies/ self-determination

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0201

Psychogenetics

• Verbal Abilities: Sex Differences in Children at Different Ages

  Rzhanova, I.E.; Alekseeva, O.S.; Boldyreva, A.Ya.; Nikolaeva, A.Yu.; Burdukova, Yu.A.

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  Rzhanova, I.E., Alekseeva, O.S., Boldyreva, A.Ya., Nikolaeva, A.Yu., Burdukova, Yu.A. (2023). Verbal Abilities: Sex Differences in Children at Different Ages. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 22–32. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0202

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  • Background. The assertion of sex differences in verbal abilities is a highly controversial subject. Some studies have demonstrated a female advantage; other studies have found higher rates in males. The results depended on the type of verbal ability that was studied, the cultural context, and the ages of the subjects. There are two types of theories that have been developed to explain the existence of sex differences in cognitive abilities. Social theories explain the differences as caused by social determinants. Biological theories consider biological factors such as prenatal development conditions and hormone levels, among others, as the cause of sex differences.

    Objective. To investigate sex differences in verbal abilities in children of different ages.

    Design. Two different editions of Wechsler tests were used. For children age 2.5 to 5 years, the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) was used. For children age 6 and older, we administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V). The total sample included 313 children.

    Results. The study found significant sex differences in performance on the Verbal Comprehension Scale in children of different ages. At the age of 2 to 4 years, the girls performed better than the boys. In the group of boys, there was a significant increase in verbal abilities at the age of 8–9 years. By the age of 10–11 years, boys began outperforming girls on the Verbal Comprehension Index. Scores on the Verbal Comprehension and Visual Spatial subtests for the boy sample showed stronger correlations than in the girl sample in all age groups.

    Conclusion. Sex differences in verbal abilities varied depending on the age of the children. The boys showed a stronger integration of their verbal abilities into the structure of their intelligence than the girls.

    Keywords: verbal abilities/ sex differences/ age differences/ intelligence/ WISC/ WPPSI

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0202

Clinical psychology

• Medically Unexplained Symptoms among Adults from Russia: An Assessment Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15

  Zolotareva, A.A.

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  Zolotareva, A.A. (2023). Medically Unexplained Symptoms among Adults from Russia: An Assessment using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 33–47. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0203

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  • Background. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is one of the most frequently used instruments to measure medically unexplained symptoms in the general population as well as in groups of patients with mental and physical health problems.

    Objective. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the PHQ-15 in assessing a Russian community sample.

    Design. A total of 1153 Russian adults age 18 or older participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed the Russian versions of the PHQ-15 and Symptom Check List-90-Revised, SCL-90-R (SCL-90-R). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure of the Russian PHQ-15, and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses were used to test measurement invariance across sex and age. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the Russian PHQ-15.

    Results. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution highlighting pain-fatigue, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a bifactor structure for the Russian PHQ-15 merging general and specific somatic symptoms. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed partial invariance across sex and age. The Russian PHQ-15 demonstrated acceptable Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.75 for specific factors and a good Cronbach’s alpha for the total score (α = 0.85), proving the questionnaire’s internal reliability. Finally, positive correlations between the PHQ-15 and SCL-90-R dimensions, and positive intercorrelations between PHQ-15 specific factors, suggested convergent validity.

    Conclusion. The Russian PHQ-15 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing medically unexplained symptoms in the general population. This instrument can be used in diagnostic and counseling settings.

    Keywords: Patient Health Questionnaire-15/ factor structure/ measurement invariance/ psychometric properties/ medically unexplained symptoms

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0203

• Adverse Childhood Experiences in Mexico: Prevalence and Association with Sociodemographic Variables and Health Status

  Sánchez-Jáuregui, T. de J.; Téllez, A.; Almaraz, D.; Valdez, A.; Hinojosa-Fernandez, R.; García-Balvaneda, H.; Juárez-García, D.M.

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  Sánchez-Jáuregui, T., Téllez, A., Almaraz, D., Valdez, A., Hinojosa-Fernández, R., García-Balvaneda, H., Juárez-García, D.M. (2023). Adverse Childhood Experiences in Mexico: Prevalence and Association with Sociodemographic Variables and Health Status. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 48–62. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0204

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  • Background. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refer to a semantic field of negative childhood events that, in conjunction with insufficient personal, family, or contextual coping resources, have the potential of becoming traumatic.

    Objective. To assess the prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and their association with sociodemographic variables and physical and mental illnesses in a Mexican sample.

      Design. A cross-sectional design was used. The sample included 917 Mexican adults who responded to the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Most of the participants were female (79.3%) with an average age of 37 years, a monthly income between 500 and 2,500 USD (59.2%), had completed university education (45.6%) and were married or in a common-law marriage (53.1%). Data was collected through Google Forms, and the link to the form was shared through electronic social networks.

      Results. A total of 48.3% of the participants presented seven to nine types of ACEs. Among their responses, the most prevalent categories were emotional neglect (95.1%), family violence (83.3%), and emotional abuse (78.6%). A significant association was found between the number of ACEs and the mental illness diagnosis (x²(20) = 15.16; p < .001). Women were found to report more experiences of sexual abuse (z = -6.62, p < .001), whereas men reported more experiences of community violence (z = -4.27, p < .001) and collective violence (z = -3.94, p < .001).

      Conclusions. The prevalence of ACEs in the Mexican population is high. However, men and women reported differences in certain types of ACEs. It was found that people with a diagnosis and family history of mental illnesses presented a higher number of ACE categories.

    Keywords: Adverse Childhood Experiences/ mental illnesses/ sexual abuse/ community violence/ ACE-IQ/ ACEs prevalence

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0204

• The Relationship between Perceived Infectability and Psychological Well-being: The Mediating Role of Covid-19 Anxiety

  Fatima, S.M.; Khan, S.; Sadia, R.

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  Fatima, S.M., Khan, S., Sadia, R. (2023). The Relationship between Perceived Infectability and Psychological Well-being: The Mediating Role of Covid-19 Anxiety. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 63–71. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0205

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  • Background. COVID-19 has adversely affected economies and individuals globally. To this day, countries are facing the economic effects of the pandemic directly, and individuals’ mental health is in danger as they are still indirectly dealing with the pandemic. It is imperative to understand how pandemic-related anxiety affected individuals’ mental health so that all stakeholders can take essential remedial steps.

    Objective. The current research aimed to investigate the relationship between Perceived Infectability, Coronavirus Anxiety, and Psychological Well-being. It also sought to explore the role of coronavirus anxiety in mediating between perceived infectability and psychological well-being.

    Design. A cross-sectional correlational study design and non-probability convenience sampling technique were used to collect the data. The data were collected from 321 Pakistani adults, who filled out Google forms on the Perceived Infectability subscale of the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale; the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale; and the Psychological Well-being Scale.

    Results. Correlation analysis indicated that both perceived infectability and coronavirus anxiety were negatively related to psychological well-being. However, a significant positive relationship was observed between perceived infectability and coronavirus anxiety. Our findings further proved the mediating role of coronavirus anxiety between perceived infectability and the psychological well-being of adults.

    Conclusion. Understanding perceived infectability and its association with COVID-19 anxiety and psychological well-being is pertinent in this post-pandemic period in both developing and developed nations. The post-pandemic world is still being jolted with the aftereffects of the pandemic. An in-depth understanding of how individuals coped with the pandemic, might help in designing better intervention and community health programs after the pandemic, and it could also help in preparing for the crises attending future pandemics (if any). 

    Keywords: Perceived Infectability/ Coronavirus Anxiety/ Psychological Well-being/ Mediation/ COVID-19

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0205

Developmental psychology

• Toy Preferences among 3-to-4-Year-Old Children: The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors and Developmental Characteristics

  Gavrilova, M.N.; Sukhikh, V.L.; Veresov, N.N.

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  Gavrilova, M.N., Sukhikh, V.L., Veresov, N.N. (2023). Toy Preferences among 3-to-4-Year-Old Children: The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors and Developmental Characteristics. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 16(2), 72–84. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0206

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  • Background. Today’s common typologies and categories of children’s toys are mainly decided by the manufacturers and retailers of children's products. Such categorizations are not based on a theoretical understanding of child development and therefore cannot provide information about the opportunities that toys provide for the young.

    Objective. This study proposed three criteria for categorizing toys based on the cultural-historical approach: their degree of realism; their degree of anthropomorphism; and their degree of detail. These criteria were chosen as a result of an analysis of theoretical works carried out in the framework of cultural-historical approach.

    Design. The proposed criteria were tested through an experiment measuring children's toy preferences. The participants were 129 children of ages 3-4 years. Experimental data confirmed that most children do prefer realistic and detailed toys rather than those with fewer of these properties. The contribution of socio-demographic factors and the children’s individual developmental indicators to their toy preference was also analyzed.

    Results. The study revealed that among various socio-demographic factors, only the child’s gender and the number of siblings in the family acted as significant predictors for the toy preferences. None of child's developmental characteristics (non-verbal intelligence, executive functions, and emotional understanding) were found to be significant predictors of preference for particular toys.

    Conclusions. The assumption that toys can be assessed in terms of their realism and degree of detail found empirical support. The results of this study may be useful in designing further research and in the practical issue of toy selection for children age 3-4 years.

    Keywords: child psychology/ cultural-historical approach/ play/ toy preference/ executive functions/ emotion understanding

    DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0206